Naturalization is the term used for a non-U.S. citizen born outside of the U.S. to voluntarily become a U.S. citizen. The most common path to citizenship is through first becoming a lawful permanent resident (“LPR” or green card holder). There are several general eligibility requirements for naturalization through this means.
Age
You must be 18 years of age or older at the time you apply for naturalization.
Minimum Years as a Lawful Permanent Resident
You are typically required to have been a lawfully admitted permanent resident of the U.S. for at least five years. This requirement is diminished to three years if you are married to a U.S. citizen.
Continuous Residence in the U.S.
“Continuous residence” means you have maintained a permanent dwelling place in the U.S. over either three or five years as an LPR prior to applying for naturalization. You may be exempt if you are engaged in certain kinds of overseas employment, but you will generally need to prove that the U.S. is truly your home. This concept can get complicated and it is recommended that you speak with an attorney if you have questions.
Physical Presence in the U.S.
Generally you must have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of the five years immediately before you file for naturalization. If your LPR is based on marriage to a U.S. citizen, you must have been physically present in the U.S. for 18 months of the last 3 years.
Residency in the State
You must have lived for at least three months in the state or USCIS district where you claim residence before filing your naturalization application.
Good Moral Character
You must demonstrate “good moral character.” This generally means no serious criminal record. A criminal record does not necessarily prevent you from naturalizing, so it is recommended that you speak with an attorney if you have any questions.
English Language Proficiency
You are generally required to demonstrate the ability to read, write, and speak basic English. Exceptions may be made for older applicants (age 50 and older) who have been in the U.S. for a long time (at least 15 years). There may also be exceptions for certain physical or developmental disabilities or medical impairments.
Civics Knowledge
Most applicants are required to take a test demonstrating their knowledge and understanding of U.S. history and the principles and form of its government. There may also be exceptions for certain physical or developmental disabilities or medical impairments.
Oath of Allegiance
You must be willing to take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States, swearing allegiance to the country and renouncing any foreign alliance.
Again, these are the general requirements for naturalization as a U.S. LPR. My office regularly assists and advises on the Naturalization process and I encourage you to contact me through the “Contact Us” link on my website or by emailing info@pdortegalaw.com if you have questions.
Sources:
Thinking about Applying for Naturalization?, www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/guides/G-1151.pdf. Accessed 31 Dec. 2024.
“Chapter 3 - Continuous Residence. ” USCIS, 25 May 2021, www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-d-chapter-3.
“Exceptions and Accommodations.” USCIS, 5 July 2020, www.uscis.gov/citizenship/exceptions-and-accommodations.
“I Am a Lawful Permanent Resident of 5 Years.” USCIS, 18 Nov. 2020, www.uscis.gov/citizenship/learn-about-citizenship/citizenship-and-naturalization/i-am-a-lawful-permanent-resident-of-5-years.
